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临床医学英语试题及答案
临床医学是研究疾病的病因、诊断、治疗和预后，提高临床治疗水平，促进人体健康的科学。以下是由阳光网小编整理关于临床医学英语试题的内容，希望大家喜欢!
临床医学英语试题及答案(一)
一、将下列单词或词组译成汉语：(每题1分，记10分)
1.cardiac arrhythmia 2.microalbuminuria 3.epidemic influenza
4.immunosuppression 5.hyperglycemia 6.lung compliance
7.endoscopic ultrasonography 8.acute cholecysstitis
9.nosocomial infection 10.spectrum of diseases
二、将下列单词或词组译成英语(每题1分，记10分)
1.体温计 2.呼吸频率 3.生长因子 4.炎性肠病 5.早产
6.术前分期 7.胆囊结石 8.慢性支气管炎 9.血管造影术 10.关节炎
三、英译中(每题16分，计80分，任选5题，如多选，计前5题分，答题时请写明题号)
1.The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many phases of clinical reasoning and decision making. The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns, followed by inquiries or evaluation to address these concerns in increasingly precise ways. The process commonly requires a careful history or physical examination, ordering of diagnostic tests, integration of clinical findings with the test results, understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action, and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans. Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized, while respecting individual variations among different patients
2.cognitive impairment increases in prominence as people age. Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for a wide range of adverse outcomes, including falls, immobilization, dependency, institutionalization, and mortality. Cognitive impairment complicates diagnosis and requires additional care giving to ensure safety.
In some patients, cognitive impairment may mask the symptoms of important conditions. Treatment for one disease may affect another adversely, as in the use of aspirin to prevent stroke in individuals with a history of peptic ulcer disease. The risk for becoming disabled or dependent also increases with the number of diseases present. Specific pairs of diseases can increase synergistically the risk of disability.
3.Occult bleeding is defined as the detection of asymptomatic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, generally by routine fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) or the presence of iron deficiency anemia. obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after a negative initial endoscopic evaluation of both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. Both of these entities may be presentations of recurrent or chronic bleeding.
4.“Shortness of breath”, “a feeling of not being able to get enough air”, and “labored breathing” are all terms used by patients to describe the symptom of dyspnea.
An increased drive to ventilate may also cause dyspnea. Such stimuli include hypoxia, usually when arterial oxygen tensions are less than 60 mmHg, and stimuli from inflamed lung parenchyma, as occur in bacterial pneumonia or alveolitis and that drive the respiratory centers of the brain. These stimuli often lower the resting carbon dioxide pressure (Pco2) to less than the normal level of 40 mmHg and cause dyspnea, especially on mild exertion.
5.After several years, most diabetic patients exhibit diffuse glomerulosclerosis,although a minority have pathognomonic Kimmelsteil-wilson nodular lesions. Although pathologic changes continue to mount throughout the disease, glomerulosclerosis extensive enough to cause ESRD develops in a minority of patients; in these cases, overt albuminuria (>300 mg/day) begins approximatedly 15 years after diagnosis. Soon after, following a variable period on the order of 3 to 5 years, the GFR begins a relentless decline (≥10 ml/min/year), which is eventually reflected by an increase in serum creatinine. The appearance of massive proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome is common in this context and often heralds progression to ESRD. Once the serum creatinine rises (reflecting an approximately 50% decline in GFR), ESRD develops in most patients within 10 years. This course is highly variable, houever, particularly in type 2 diabetics, who may exhibit moderate proteinuria for several years without a substantial deterioration of renal function.
6.The first signs or symptoms of cancer are frequently due to metastases to visceral or nodal sites. In most such patients, routine clinical evaluation with a comprehensive history, physical examination, complete blood cell count, screening chemistries, and directed radiologic evaluation of specific symptoms or signs identifies the primary tumor. Patients who have no primary tumor located after this routine clinical evaluation are defined as having cancer of unknown primary site. Further clinical and pathologic evaluation will identify the primary site in only a small minority of patients, and about 80% will never have a primary site identified during their subsequent clinical course.
7.In the management of the pregnant trauma patient, the critical point is that resuscitation of the fetus is accomplished by resuscitation of the mother. Therefore, the initial evaluation and treatment of the pregnant injured patient is identical to that of the nonpregnant injured patient. Rapid assessment of the maternal airway, breathing, and circulation and ensuring an adequate airway avoids maternal and fetal hypoxia. In the later stages of pregnancy, as already described, uterine compression of the vena cava may result in hypotension from diminished venous return, so the pregnant trauma patient should be placed in left lateral decubitus position. If spinal cord injury is suspected, the patient may be secured to a backboard and then tilted to the left. The increased blood volume associated with pregnancy has important implications in the trauma patient. Signs of blood loss such as tachycardia and hypotension may be delayed until the patient loses nearly 30% of her blood volume.
8.Postoperative surgical complications represent one of the most frustrating and difficult occurrences experienced by surgeons who do a significant volume of surgery. Regardless of how technically gifted, bright, and capable a surgeon is, surgical complications are a virtually guaranteed aspect of life. The cost of surgical complications in the United States today runs into millions of dollars and is associated with lost work productivity, disruption of normal family life, and unanticipated stress to employers and society in general. Frequently, the functional results of the operation are compromised by complication; in some cases, the patient never recovers to the preoperative level of function. The most significant and difficult part of complications is the suffering borne by the patient who enters the hospital anticipating an uneventful operation but is left suffering and compromised by the complication.
临床医学英语试题及答案(二)
The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many phases of clinical reasoning and decision making.
proceed 进行、开展 reasoning 推论、推理 clinical reasoning 诊断
clinical decision 确定治疗方案 making decision 做出决定
医患沟通在临床诊断和治疗决策的许多时期进行着。
The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns, followed by inquiries or evaluation to address these concerns in increasingly precise ways.
elucidation 说明、阐明 inquire 询问、调查 evaluation 评估、评价
这种沟通开始于病人主诉或所关注问题的述说，然后通过交流、评估不断精确地确定这些问题。
The process commonly requires a careful history or physical examination, ordering of diagnostic tests, integration of clinical findings with the test results, understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action, and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans.
integration 综合 consultation 磋商、会诊
这个过程通常需要细致的病史询问和体格检查，开具诊断性化验医嘱，综合临床发现和化验结果，理解分析拟行治疗过程中的风险和疗效，然后与病人及家属反复磋商以完善治疗方案
Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized, while respecting individual variations among different patients
respecting 注意到、关系、说到 evidence-based medicine 循证医学
尽管考虑到不同病人中个体差异是存在的，但医生们越来越容易查阅不断增长的循证医学文献来指导这个过程，使得疗效最大化。
The increasing availability of randomized trials to guide the approach to diagnosis and therapy should not be equated with “cookbook” medicine
availability 可利用性， 可得到 randomize 随机的 cookbook 食谱，烹调书 approach 接近
但是，不断增多的可用于指导临床诊断与治疗的随机试验资料不应当作“烹调书”使用。
Evidence and the guidelines that are derived from it emphasize proven approaches for patients with specific characteristics.
Evidence 证据，迹象 guideline 指导方针 emphasize 强调
因为随机试验获得的现象和思路是侧重于求证具有某些特征病人而来的。
Substantial clinical judgment is required to determine whether the evidence and guidelines
apply to individual patients and to recognize the occasional.
substantial clinical 真实的，实在的 individual 个体 occasional 偶尔的，特殊的
实际的临床判断需要确定这些临床表现和诊断标准是否能应用于病人个体，并能找出例外。
Even more judgment is required in the many situations in which evidence is absent or inconclusive.
inconclusive 不确定性，非决定性
在许多情况下，临床表现缺乏或不典型，需要考虑更多的判断。
Evidence also must be tempered by patients’ preferences, although it is a physician’s responsibility to emphasize when presenting alternative options to the patient.
temper 脾气，调音 preference 偏爱 presenting 提出 alternative 可选择的，二选一
虽然医生有责任要提出选择性问题让病人回答，但病人肯定会根据自己的倾向调节临床症状。
The adherence of a patient to a specific regimen is likely to be enhanced if the patient also understands the rationale and evidence behind the recommended option.
adherence 坚持、固执 regimen 养生法、食物疗法
enhance 提高、加强 rationale 基本原理
假如病人懂得基本原理和表现，对医生提出的问题，有特殊生活方式病人的固执容易被强化。
To care for a patient as an individual, the physician must understand the patient as a person. care for 喜欢、照料
为了把病人作为一个个体进行治疗，医生必须理解病人是一个人(不是一群人)。
This fundamental precept of doctoring includes an understanding of the patient’s social situation, family issues, financial concerns, and preferences for different types of care and outcomes, ranging from maximum prolongation of life to the relief of pain and suffering. precept 训戒 doctoring 行医 prolongation 延长
这个最基本的行医原则包括了解病人的社会地位，家庭问题，资金状况以及正确理解病人对不同治疗方法、不同治疗结果的选择，从最大限度地延长生命到临时缓解疼痛和折磨。
If the physician does not appreciate and address these issues, the science of medicine cannot be applied appropriately, and even the most knowledgeable physician fails to achieve appropriate outcomes.
appreciate 欣赏、感谢、评价 appropriate 适当的、恰当的`
假如医生没有正确理解和重视这个问题，医学就不可能恰当地应用于临床，甚至一个知识渊博的医生也不能取得理想的治疗结果。
Even as physicians become increasingly aware of new discoveries, patients can obtain their own information from a variety of sources, some of which are of questionable reliability. questionable 可疑的、成问题的、不可靠的 reliability 可靠、可信赖的
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